Article

Achana, Felix, Petrou, Stavros, Madan, Jason, Khan, Kamran, Jin, Chen, Hossain, Anower, Lall, Ranjit, Slowther, Anne-Marie, Deakin, Charles D., Quinn, Tom, Nolan, Jerry P., Pocock, Helen, Rees, Nigel, Smyth, Michael, Gates, Simon, Gardiner, Dale, Perkins, Gavin D. and PARAMEDIC2 Collaborators (2020) Cost-effectiveness of adrenaline for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Critical Care, 24, p. 579. ISSN (print) 1364-8535

Adam, Emily, Sleeman, Katherine E, Brearley, Sarah, Hunt, Katherine and Tuffrey-Wijne, Irene (2020) The palliative care needs of adults with intellectual disabilities and their access to palliative care services : a systematic review. Palliative Medicine, 34(8), pp. 1006-1018. ISSN (print) 0269-2163

Bearne, Lindsay M, Bieles, Julie, Georgopoulou, Sofia, Andrews, Josie, Tully, Amy, Stolarchuk-Prowting, Katrine, Williamson, Tom, Suarez, Beatriz Santana, Nel, Louise, D’Cruz, David and Lempp, Heidi (2020) Fatigue in adults with primary antiphospholipid syndrome : findings from a mixed-methods study. Lupus, 29(8), pp. 924-933. ISSN (print) 0961-2033

Bearne, Lindsay M, Sekhon, Mandeep, Grainger, Rebecca, La, Anthony, Shamali, Mehrdad, Amirova, Aliya, Godfrey, Emma L and White, Claire M (2020) Smartphone apps targeting physical activity in people with rheumatoid arthritis : systematic quality appraisal and content analysis. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 8(7), e18495. ISSN (online) 2291-5222

Boulton, Richard, Sandall, Jane and Sevedalis, Nick (2020) The cultural politics of 'Implementation Science'. Journal of Medical Humanities, 41, pp. 379-394. ISSN (print) 1041-3545

Clark, Ella, MacCrosain, Alison, Ward, Nick S. and Jones, Fiona (2020) The key features and role of peer support within group self-management interventions for stroke? A systematic review. Disability and Rehabilitation, 42(3), pp. 307-316. ISSN (print) 0963-8288

Czapla, Michał, Zielińska, Marzena, Kubica-Cielińska, Anna, Diakowska, Dorota, Quinn, Tom and Karniej, Piotr (2020) Factors associated with return of spontaneous circulation after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Poland : a one-year retrospective study. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 20, p. 288. ISSN (online) 1471-2261

Drennan, Vari M, Calestani, Melania, Taylor, Francesca, Halter, Mary and Levenson, Ros (2020) Perceived impact on efficiency and safety of experienced American physician assistants / associates in acute hospital care in England : findings from a multi-site case organisational study. JRSM Open, 11(10), ISSN (online) 2054-2704

Drennan, Vari M. and Halter, Mary (2020) Building the evidence base : 10 years of physician assistant/associate research in England : a special article. Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants, 33(10), pp. 1-4. ISSN (print) 1547-1896

Drummond, Avril, Ablewhite, Joanne, Condon, Laura, Nair, Roshan das, Jones, Amanda, Jones, Fiona, Sprigg, Nikola and Thomas, Shirley (2020) Developing a fatigue programme : protocol for the Nottingham Fatigue After Stroke (NotFAST2) study. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 83(11), pp. 674-679. ISSN (print) 0308-0226

Dörfler, Elisa and Kulnik, Stefan Tino (2020) Despite communication and cognitive impairment : person-centred goal-setting after stroke : a qualitative study. Disability and Rehabilitation, 42(25), pp. 3628-3637. ISSN (print) 0963-8288

Eaton-Williams, Peter, Barrett, Jack, Mortimer, Craig and Williams, Julia (2020) A national survey of ambulance paramedics on the identification of patients with end of life care needs. British Paramedic Journal, 5(3), pp. 8-14. ISSN (print) 1478–4726

England, Ed, Deakin, Charles D., Nolan, Jerry P., Lall, Ranjit, Quinn, Tom, Gates, Simon, Miller, Joshua, O'Shea, Lyndsey, Pocock, Helen, Rees, Nigel, Scomparin, Charlotte and Perkins, Gavin D. (2020) Patient safety incidents and medication errors during a clinical trial : experience from a pre-hospital randomized controlled trial of emergency medication administration. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, ISSN (print) 0031-6970 (Epub Ahead of Print)

Farley-Ripple, Elizabeth N., Oliver, Kathryn and Boaz, Annette (2020) Mapping the community : use of research evidence in policy and practice. Humanities & Social Sciences Communications, 7, p. 83. ISSN (online) 2662-9992

Flemming, Charlotte, Drennan, Vari M., Kerry-Barnard, Sarah, Reid, Fiona, Adams, Elisabeth J., Sadiq, S. Tariq, Phillips, Rachel, Majewska, Wendy, Harding-Esch, Emma M., Cousins, Emma C., Yoward, Freya and Oakeshott, Pippa (2020) Understanding the acceptability, barriers and facilitators for chlamydia and gonorrhoea screening in technical colleges : qualitative process evaluation of the "Test n Treat" trial. BMC Public Health, 20, p. 1212. ISSN (online) 1471-2458

Fletcher, Simon, Whiting, Cheryl, Boaz, Annette and Reeves, Scott (2020) Expanding postgraduate clinical research capacity : an exploration of key resistances. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 44(5), pp. 596-608. ISSN (print) 0309-877X

Fraser, Alec, Tan, Stefanie, Boaz, Annette and Mays, Nicholas (2020) Backing what works? Social impact bonds and evidence-informed policy and practice. Public Money & Management, 40(3), pp. 195-204. ISSN (print) 0954-0962

Genziani, Mirella, Gillard, Steve, Samuels, Lana and Chambers, Mary (2020) Emergency workers' experiences of the use of section 136 of the Mental Health Act 1983 : interpretative phenomenological investigation. BJPsych Bulletin, 44(6), ISSN (print) 2056-4708

Greenwood, Nan and Pound, Carole (2020) Using images in focus groups with older carers. Working with Older People, 24(2), pp. 95-103. ISSN (print) 1366-3666

Hallett, R.J., Mullen, N.K., Tideswell, A.E., Haake, S.J., Graney, M. and Hurley, M.V. (2020) Community event sustainability : why don't people volunteer? Voluntary Sector Review, 11(2), pp. 137-167. ISSN (print) 2040-8056

Hallett, Rachel, Gombert, Karolina and Hurley, Michael (2020) 'Everyone should muck in' : a qualitative study of parkrun volunteering and conflicting motivations. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, ISSN (print) 1049-5142 (Epub Ahead of Print)

Halter, Mary, Drennan, Vari, Wang, Chao, Wheeler, Carly, Gage, Heather, Nice, Laura, de Lusignan, Simon, Gabe, Jonathan, Brearley, Sally, Ennis, James, Begg, Philip and Parle, Jim (2020) Comparing physician associates and foundation year two doctors in training undertaking emergency medicine consultations in England : a mixed methods study of processes and outcomes. BMJ Open, 10, e037557. ISSN (online) 2044-6055

Harries, Priscilla, Barron, Duncan and Ballinger, Claire (2020) Developments in public involvement and co-production in research : embracing our values and those of our service users and carers. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 83(1), pp. 3-5. ISSN (print) 0308-0226

Harris, Ruth, Fletcher, Simon, Sims, Sarah, Ross, Fiona, Brearley, Sally and Manthorpe, Jill (2020) Understanding key mechanisms of successfully leading integrated team-based services in health and social care : protocol for a realist synthesis. BMJ Open, 10(7), e038591. ISSN (online) 2044-6055

Hui, Aika, Rains, Luke Sheridan, Todd, Anita, Boaz, Annette and Johnson, Sonia (2020) The accuracy and accessibility of cited evidence : a study examining mental health policy documents. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 55, pp. 111-121. ISSN (print) 0933-7954

Jarman, Heather, Crouch, Robert, Baxter, Mark, Cole, Elaine, Dillane, Bebhinn and Wang, Chao (2020) The frailty in major trauma study (FRAIL-T) : a study protocol to determine the feasibility of nurse-led frailty assessment in elderly trauma and the impact on outcome in patients with major trauma. BMJ Open, 10(8), ISSN (online) 2044-6055

Jones, Fiona, Gombert-Waldron, Karolina, Honey, Stephanie, Cloud, Geoffrey, Harris, Ruth, Macdonald, Alastair, McKevitt, Chris, Robert, Glenn and Clarke, David (2020) Using co-production to increase activity in acute stroke units : the CREATE mixed-methods study. Health Services and Delivery Research, 8(35), ISSN (print) 2050-4349

Jones, Gabriel, Herrera, Marie Angelique, Wang, Chao, Moss, Phil and Blazejova, Lenka (2020) Rapid assessment and discharge, optimizing emergency department bed space allocation : an interrupted time-series analysis. European Journal of Emergency Medicine, 27(1), pp. 64-65. ISSN (print) 0969-9546

Kantaris, Xenya, Radcliffe, Michelle, Acott, Kevin, Hughes, Peter and Chambers, Mary (2020) Training healthcare assistants working in adult acute inpatient wards in Psychological First Aid : an implementation and evaluation study. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 27(6), pp. 742-751. ISSN (print) 1351-0126

Kerry-Barnard, Sarah, Huntington, Susie, Fleming, Charlotte, Reid, Fiona, Sadiq, S. Tariq, Drennan, Vari M., Adams, Elisabeth and Oakeshott, Pippa (2020) Near patient chlamydia and gonorrhoea screening and treatment in further education/technical colleges : a cost analysis of the 'Test n Treat' feasibility trial. BMC Health Services Research, 20, p. 316. ISSN (online) 1472-6963

Kulnik, S.T., Egbunike, J. and Francois, J. (2020) When values get in the way of conversations : reflections on dealing with discriminatory remarks and behaviours in qualitative interviewing. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 19, ISSN (online) 1609-4069

Lam, Claire Kar Kei, Bernal, Jane, Finlayson, Janet, Todd, Stuart, Taggart, Laurence, Boaz, Annette and Tuffrey-Wijne, Irene (2020) Maximising engagement and participation of intellectual disability (ID) staff in research : insights from conducting a UK-wide survey. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, ISSN (print) 1744-6295 (Epub Ahead of Print)

Mancell, Sara, Meyer, Rosan, Hind, Jonathan and Halter, Mary (2020) Factors impacting on eating in pediatric intestinal-transplant recipients : a mixed methods study. Nutrition in Clinical Practice, 35(5), pp. 919-926. ISSN (print) 0884-5336

McBride, Ronan, Ski, Chatal F., Thompson, David R., Quinn, Tom and Wilson, Mark H. (2020) Championing survival : connecting the unknown network of responders to address out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine, 28, p. 49. ISSN (online) 1757-7241

McCarroll, Clare, van't Riet, Catherine and Halter, Mary (2020) How is the emerging role of domiciliary physiotherapists who treat residents with dementia in nursing homes perceived by allied health professionals? A phenomenological interview study. Health & Social Care in the Community, 28(1), pp. 279-290. ISSN (print) 0966-0410

McLaughlin, Paul, Hurley, Michael, Chowdary, Pratima, Khair, Kate and Stephensen, David (2020) Physiotherapy interventions for pain management in haemophilia : a systematic review. Haemophilia, 26(4), pp. 667-684. ISSN (print) 1351-8216

Meinhart, Florian, Stütz, Thomas, Sareban, Mahdi, Kulnik, Stefan Tino and Niebauer, Josef (2020) Mobile technologies to promote physical activity during cardiac rehabilitation : a scoping review. Sensors, 21(1), p. 65. ISSN (online) 1424-8220

Noorlandt, H. W., Echteld, M. A., Tuffrey-Wijne, I., Festen, D. A. M., Vrijmoeth, C., van der Heide, A. and Korfage, I. J. (2020) Shared decision-making with people with intellectual disabilities in the last phase of life : a scoping review. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 64(11), pp. 881-894. ISSN (print) 0964-2633

Serfaty, Marc, Aspden, Trefor, Satchell, Jessica, Kessel, Anthony, Laycock, Gloria, Brewin, Chris R., Buszewicz, Marta, O’Keeffe, Aidan, Hunter, Rachael, Leavey, Gerard, Cuming-Higgs, Jon, Drennan, Vari, Riveros, Monica, Andrew, David and Blanchard, Martin (2020) The clinical and cost-effectiveness of a Victim Improvement Package (VIP) for the reduction of chronic symptoms of depression or anxiety in older victims of common crime (the VIP trial) : study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials, 21, p. 333. ISSN (online) 1745-6215

Sims, Sarah, Leamy, Mary, Levenson, Ros, Brearley, Sally, Ross, Fiona and Harris, Ruth (2020) The delivery of compassionate nursing care in a tick-box culture : qualitative perspectives from a realist evaluation of intentional rounding. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 107, p. 103580. ISSN (print) 0020-7489

Taylor, Francesca, Drennan, Vari M, Halter, Mary and Calestani, Melania (2020) Integration and retention of American physician assistants/associates working in English hospitals : a qualitative study. Health Policy, 124(5), pp. 525-530. ISSN (print) 0168-8510

Tuffrey-Wijne, Irene, Finlayson, Janet, Bernal, Jane, Taggart, Laurence, Lam, Claire Kar Kei and Todd, Stuart (2020) Communicating about death and dying with adults with intellectual disabilities who are terminally ill or bereaved : a UK-wide survey of intellectual disability support staff. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 33(5), pp. 927-938. ISSN (print) 1360-2322

Tuffrey-Wijne, Irene, Lam, Claire Kar Kei, Marsden, Daniel, Conway, Bernie, Harris, Claire, Jeffrey, David, Jordan, Leon, Keagen-Bull, Richard, McDermott, Michelle, Newton, Dan and Stapelberg, Diane (2020) Developing a training course to teach research skills to people with learning disabilities : "It gives us a voice. We CAN be researchers!". British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 48(4), pp. 301-314. ISSN (print) 1354-4187

Walker, Andrew, Boaz, Annette, Gibney, Amber, Zambelli, Zoe and Hurley, Michael V. (2020) Scaling-up an evidence-based intervention for osteoarthritis in real-world settings : a pragmatic evaluation using the RE-AIM framework. Implementation Science Communications, 1(1), p. 40. ISSN (online) 2662-2211

Walker, Andrew, Boaz, Annette and Hurley, Michael V. (2020) The role of leadership in implementing and sustaining an evidence-based intervention for osteoarthritis (ESCAPE-pain) in NHS physiotherapy services : a qualitative case study. Disability and Rehabilitation, ISSN (print) 0963-8288 (Epub Ahead of Print)

Walsh, Nicola, Jones, Louise, Phillips, Sonia, Thomas, Rachel, Odondi, Lang'o, Palmer, Shea, Cramp, Fiona, Pollock, Jon and Hurley, Mike (2020) Facilitating Activity and Self-management for people with Arthritic knee, hip or lower back pain (FASA) : a cluster randomised controlled trial. Musculoskeletal Science and Practice, 50, p. 102271. ISSN (online) 2468-7812

White, Nicola, Oostendorp, Linda JM, Tomlinson, Christopher, Yardley, Sarah, Ricciardi, Federico, Gokalp, Hulya, Minton, Ollie, Boland, Jason W, Clark, Ben, Harries, Priscilla and Stone, Patrick (2020) Online training improves medical students' ability to recognise when a person is dying : the ORaClES randomised controlled trial. Palliative Medicine, 34(1), pp. 134-144. ISSN (print) 0269-2163

Whitley, Gregory Adam, Munro, Scott, Hemingway, Pippa, Law, Graham Richard, Siriwardena, Aloysius Niroshan, Cooke, Debbie and Quinn, Tom (2020) Mixed methods in pre-hospital research : understanding complex clinical problems. British Paramedic Journal, 5(3), pp. 44-51. ISSN (online) 1478-4726

Wilkinson, Chris, Weston, Clive, Timmis, Adam, Quinn, Tom, Keys, Alan and Gale, Chris P (2020) Cohort profile : the Myocardial Ischaemia National Audit Project (MINAP). European Heart Journal - Quality of Care and Clinical Outcomes, 6(1), pp. 19-22. ISSN (print) 2058-5225

Åkesson, Kristina E., Buchbinder, Rachelle, Nordin, Margareta, Hurley, Michael V., Overgaard, Sören, Chang, Lo-Yu, Yang, Rong-Sen, Chan, Ding-Cheng, Dahlberg, Leif, Nero, H. and Woolf, Anthony (2020) Advances in delivery of health care for MSK conditions. Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology, 34(5), p. 101597. ISSN (print) 1521-6942

Book Section

Bearne, Lindsay and Opava, Christina (2020) Non-drug treatments : exercise. In: Scott, David L. , Galloway, James , Cope, Andrew , Pratt, Arthur and Strand, Vibeke, (eds.) Oxford Textbook of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198831433

Chambers, Mary (2020) Mental health nursing : what a difference twenty years can make. In: Brooker, Charles and White, Edward, (eds.) Mental health nursing : from the outside, looking in. Cheshire, U.K. : White Winstanley. pp. 116-120. ISBN 9781916281219

Ross, Fiona (2020) Leadership, management and governance. In: David, Miriam E. and Amey, Marilyn J., (eds.) The SAGE encyclopedia of higher education. SAGE. ISBN 9781473942912 (In Press)

Conference or Workshop Item

Anderson, Rebecca, Stone, Patrick, Low, Joseph and Bloch, Steven (2020) Talking to families of imminently dying patients : relatives’ communication preferences and how clinicians put these into practice. In: 11th EAPC World Research Congress Online; 07-09 Oct 2020, Palermo, Italy [Held Online].

Bearne, Lindsay, Sekhon, Mandeep, Grainger, Rebecca, La, Anthony, Shamali, Mehrdad, Amirova, Aliya, Godfrey, Emma and White, Claire (2020) Identifying physical activity mobile applications for people with rheumatoid arthritis : a content analysis and quality appraisal. In: British Society for Rheumatology Annual Conference 2020; 20-22 Apr 2020, Glasgow, Scotland = Cancelled due to Covid-19.

Drennan, Vari, Taylor, Francesca and Halter, Mary (2020) Advanced Clinical Practice Roles in the NHS : panacea or challenge for workforce problems? In: HSR UK 2020; 01-04 July 2020, Online. (Unpublished)

Godfrey, Emma, Sekhon, Mandeep, Hendry, Gordon, Foster, Nadine E, Hider, Samantha, van der Leeden, Marike, Mason, Helen, McConnachie, Alex, McInnes, Iain, Patience, Aimie, Sackley, Catherine, Steultjens, Martin, Williams, Anita, Woodburn, Jim and Bearne, Lindsay (2020) Treatment fidelity in the Gait Rehabilitation in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis Trial (GREAT) feasibility study. In: British Society for Rheumatology Annual Conference 2020; 20-22 Apr 2020, Glasgow, Scotland = Cancelled due to Covid-19.

Hendry, Gordon J., Bearne, Lindsay, Foster, Nadine, Godfrey, Emma, Hider, Samantha, van der Leeden, Marike, Mason, Helen, McConnachie, Alex, McInnes, Iain, Patience, Aimie, Sackley, Catherine, Sekhon, Mandeep, Williams, Anita, Woodburn, James and Steultjens, Martijn (2020) A mixed methods feasibility study of a gait rehabilitation programme for people with early rheumatoid arthritis and foot pain. In: British Society for Rheumatology Annual Conference 2020; 20-22 Apr 2020, Glasgow, Scotland = Cancelled due to Covid-19.

Hurley, M., Connnelly, M., Sheldon, H., Gibney, A., Hallett, R. and Carter, A. (2020) Increasing access to rehabilitation for knee and hip osteoarthritis – ESCAPE-pain in leisure/community centres. In: Virtual Physiotherapy UK 2020 Conference; 13 - 14 Nov 2020, Held online. ISSN (print) 00319406 (Unpublished)

Kulnik, Stefan Tino, Latzke, Markus, Putz, Peter, Schlegl, Constance, Sorge, Martina and Meriaux-Kratochvila, Silvia (2020) Attitudes towards scientific research among undergraduate physiotherapy students in Austria. In: 5th European Congress : Physiotherapy Education : Europe Region World Physiotherapy Online 2020; 11 Sep 2020, Leuven, Belgium (held online). (Unpublished)

Kulnik, Stefan Tino, Latzke, Markus, Putz, Peter, Schlegl, Constance, Sorge, Martina and Meriaux-Kratochvila, Silvia (2020) Opportunities to become involved in scientific research within Austrian physiotherapists' practice environments : perceived importance versus realisation. In: 5th European Congress : Physiotherapy Education : Europe Region World Physiotherapy Online 2020; 11 Sep 2020, Leuven, Belgium (held online). (Unpublished)

Lyngby, Rasmus Meyer, Clark, Lyra, Kjølbye, Julie Samsøe, Oelrich, Roselil Maria, Silver, Annemarie, Christensen, Helle Collatz, Barfod, Charlotte, Lippert, Freddy, Nikoletou, Dimitra, Quinn, Tom and Folke, Fredrik (2020) Greater guideline adherence with use of real-time ventilation feedback during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest : a randomized simulation trial. In: RESUSCITATION2020; 22 - 24 October, Virtual. ISSN (print) 0300-9572

Marroney, N., Richardson, D., Cole, E. and Hammond, John (2020) Devising and implementing an education strategy for therapists working within the major trauma network. In: Virtual Physiotherapy UK 2020 Conference; 13 - 14 Nov 2020, Held online. ISSN (print) 00319406 (Unpublished)

Meinhart, F., Stütz, T., Kulnik, S.T., Sareban, M. and Niebauer, J. (2020) The potential of objective physical activity measurements in cardiac rehabilitation – a scoping review. In: Österreichische Kardiologische Gesellschaft Jahrestagung 2020 [Annual Meeting of the Austrian Society of Cardiology 2020]; 01-03 Nov 2020, Online.

Montague, Sarah, Sevdalis, Nick, Boufkhed, Sabah, Curtis, Monique, Sekhon, Mandeep, Dusheiko, Geoff and Agarwal, Kosh (2020) High patient acceptability for a hepatitis C mobile outreach service targeting ‘vulnerable’ homeless communities - an important component for elimination? In: The European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) Digital International Liver Congress 2020; 27 - 29 Aug 2020, Held online.

Sekhon, Mandeep, Godfrey, Emma, Hendry, Gordon, Foster, Nadine E, Hider, Samantha, van der Leeden, Marike, Mason, Helen, McConnachie, Alex, McInnes, Iain, Patience, Aimie, Sackley, Catherine, Steultjens, Martin, Williams, Anita, Woodburn, Jim and Bearne, Lindsay (2020) Therapists acceptability of delivering a psychologically informed gait rehabilitation intervention in early rheumatoid arthritis (GREAT) : a qualitative interview study. In: British Society for Rheumatology Annual Conference 2020; 20-22 Apr 2020, Glasgow, Scotland = Cancelled due to Covid-19.

Stockreiter, A., Adonis, A., Kulnik, S. and Davenport, S. (2020) An exploration of current mobilisation practice on Austrian hyperacute stroke units: an online survey. In: ESO-WSO 2020 Virtual Conference; 07-09 Nov 2020, Online.

Taylor, Francesca, Ogidi, Jonathan, Chauhan, Rakhee, Lavda, Zeena, Brearley, Sally and Drennan, Vari (2020) Introducing physician associates to hospital patients : development and feasibility of an intervention to inform patients about the new role. In: HSR UK 2020; 01-04 July 2020, Online. (Unpublished)

Sound Recording

Plant, Sharla [Interviewer] and Jones, Ray [Interviewee] (2020) Ray Jones on the Achievements and Challenges of Social Work in the UK. (Podcast, interview). Palgrave Macmillan. (20:23) (Social Science Matters)

Thesis

Ing, Edsel B. (2020) Giant cell arteritis: diagnostic prediction models, temporal artery biopsy and epidemiology. (PhD thesis), Kingston University, .