A multi-country test of brief reappraisal interventions on emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic

Wang, Ke, Goldenberg, Amit, Dorison, Charles A., Miller, Jeremy K., Uusberg, Andero, Lerner, Jennifer S., Gross, James J., Agesin, Bamikole Bamikole, Bernardo, Márcia, Campos, Olatz, Eudave, Luis, Grzech, Karolina, Ozery, Daphna Hausman, Jackson, Emily A., Garcia, Elkin Oswaldo Luis, Drexler, Shira Meir, Jurković, Anita Penić, Rana, Kafeel, Wilson, John Paul, Antoniadi, Maria, Desai, Kermeka, Gialitaki, Zoi, Kushnir, Elizaveta, Nadif, Khaoula, Bravo, Olalla Niño, Nauman, Rafia, Oosterlinck, Marlies, Pantazi, Myrto, Pilecka, Natalia, Szabelska, Anna, van Steenkiste, I. M. M., Filip, Katarzyna, Bozdoc, Andreea Ioana, Marcu, Gabriela Mariana, Agadullina, Elena, Adamkovič, Matúš, Roczniewska, Marta, Reyna, Cecilia, Kassianos, Angelos P., Westerlund, Minja, Ahlgren, Lina, Pöntinen, Sara, Adetula, Gabriel Agboola, Dursun, Pinar, Arinze, Azuka Ikechukwu, Arinze, Nwadiogo Chisom, Ogbonnaya, Chisom Esther, Ndukaihe, Izuchukwu L. G., Dalgar, Ilker, Akkas, Handan, Macapagal, Paulo Manuel, Lewis, Savannah, Metin-Orta, Irem, Foroni, Francesco, Willis, Megan, Santos, Anabela Caetano, Mokady, Aviv, Reggev, Niv, Kurfali, Merve A., Vasilev, Martin R., Nock, Nora L., Parzuchowski, Michal, Espinoza Barría, Mauricio F., Vranka, Marek, Kohlová, Markéta Braun, Ropovik, Ivan, Harutyunyan, Mikayel, Wang, Chunhui, Yao, Elvin, Becker, Maja, Manunta, Efisio, Kaminski, Gwenael, Marko, Dafne, Evans, Kortnee, Lewis, David M. G., Findor, Andrej, Landry, Anais Thibault, Aruta, John Jamir Benzon, Ortiz, Manuel S., Vally, Zahir, Pronizius, Ekaterina, Voracek, Martin, Lamm, Claus, Grinberg, Maurice, Li, Ranran, Valentova, Jaroslava Varella, Mioni, Giovanna, Cellini, Nicola, Chen, Sau-Chin, Zickfeld, Janis, Moon, Karis, Azab, Habiba, Levy, Neil, Karababa, Alper, Beaudry, Jennifer L., Boucher, Leanne, Collins, W Matthew, Todsen, Anna Louise, van Schie, Kevin, Vintr, Jáchym, Bavolar, Jozef, Kaliska, Lada, Križanić, Valerija, Samojlenko, Lara, Pourafshari, Razieh, Geiger, Sandra J., Beitner, Julia, Warmelink, Lara, Ross, Robert M., Stephen, Ian D., Hostler, Thomas J., Azouaghe, Soufian, McCarthy, Randy, Szala, Anna, Grano, Caterina, Solorzano, Claudio Singh, Anjum, Gulnaz, Jimenez-Leal, William, Bradford, Maria, Pérez, Laura Calderón, Cruz Vásquez, Julio E., Galindo-Caballero, Oscar J., Vargas-Nieto, Juan Camilo, Kácha, Ondřej, Arvanitis, Alexios, Xiao, Qinyu, Cárcamo, Rodrigo, Zorjan, Saša, Tajchman, Zuzanna, Vilares, Iris, Pavlacic, Jeffrey M., Kunst, Jonas R., Tamnes, Christian K., von Bastian, Claudia C., Atari, Mohammad, Sharifian, MohammadHasan, Hricova, Monika, Kačmár, Pavol, Schrötter, Jana, Rahal, Rima-Maria, Cohen, Noga, FatahModarres, Saiedeh, Zrimsek, Miha, Zakharov, Ilya, Koehn, Monica A., Esteban-Serna, Celia, Calin-Jageman, Robert J., Krafnick, Anthony J., Štrukelj, Eva, Isager, Peder Mortvedt, Urban, Jan, Silva, Jaime R., Martončik, Marcel, Očovaj, Sanja Batić, Šakan, Dušana, Kuzminska, Anna O., Djordjevic, Jasna Milosevic, Almeida, Inês A. T., Ferreira, Ana, Lazarevic, Ljiljana B., Manley, Harry, Ricaurte, Danilo Zambrano, Monteiro, Renan P., Etabari, Zahra, Musser, Erica, Dunleavy, Daniel, Chou, Weilun, Godbersen, Hendrik, Ruiz-Fernández, Susana, Reeck, Crystal, Batres, Carlota, Kirgizova, Komila, Muminov, Abdumalik, Azevedo, Flavio, Alvarez, Daniela Serrato, Butt, Muhammad Mussaffa, Lee, Jeong Min, Chen, Zhang, Verbruggen, Frederick, Ziano, Ignazio, Tümer, Murat, Charyate, Abdelilah C. A., Dubrov, Dmitrii, Tejada Rivera, María Del Carmen M. C., Aberson, Christopher, Pálfi, Bence, Maldonado, Mónica Alarcón, Hubena, Barbora, Sacakli, Asli, Ceary, Chris D., Richard, Karley L., Singer, Gage, Perillo, Jennifer T., Ballantyne, Tonia, Cyrus-Lai, Wilson, Fedotov, Maksim, Du, Hongfei, Wielgus, Magdalena, Pit, Ilse L., Hruška, Matej, Sousa, Daniela, Aczel, Balazs, Szaszi, Barnabas, Adamus, Sylwia, Barzykowski, Krystian, Micheli, Leticia, Schmidt, Nadya-Daniela, Zsido, Andras N., Paruzel-Czachura, Mariola, Bialek, Michal, Kowal, Marta, Sorokowska, Agnieszka, Misiak, Michal, Mola, Débora, Ortiz, María Victoria, Correa, Pablo Sebastián, Belaus, Anabel, Muchembled, Fany, Ribeiro, Rafael R., Arriaga, Patricia, Oliveira, Raquel, Vaughn, Leigh Ann, Szwed, Paulina, Kossowska, Małgorzata, Czarnek, Gabriela, Kielińska, Julita, Antazo, Benedict, Betlehem, Ruben, Stieger, Stefan, Nilsonne, Gustav, Simonovic, Nicolle, Taber, Jennifer, Gourdon-Kanhukamwe, Amélie, Domurat, Artur, Ihaya, Keiko, Yamada, Yuki, Urooj, Anum, Gill, Tripat, Čadek, Martin, Bylinina, Lisa, Messerschmidt, Johanna, Kurfalı, Murathan, Adetula, Adeyemi, Baklanova, Ekaterina, Albayrak-Aydemir, Nihan, Kappes, Heather B., Gjoneska, Biljana, House, Thea, Jones, Marc V., Berkessel, Jana B., Chopik, William J., Çoksan, Sami, Seehuus, Martin, Khaoudi, Ahmed, Bokkour, Ahmed, El Arabi, Kanza Ait, Djamai, Ikhlas, Iyer, Aishwarya, Parashar, Neha, Adiguzel, Arca, Kocalar, Halil Emre, Bundt, Carsten, Norton, James O., Papadatou-Pastou, Marietta, De la Rosa-Gomez, Anabel, Ankushev, Vladislav, Bogatyreva, Natalia, Grigoryev, Dmitry, Ivanov, Aleksandr, Prusova, Irina, Romanova, Marina, Sarieva, Irena, Terskova, Maria, Hristova, Evgeniya, Kadreva, Veselina Hristova, Janak, Allison, Schei, Vidar, Sverdrup, Therese E., Askelund, Adrian Dahl, Pineda, Lina Maria Sanabria, Krupić, Dajana, Levitan, Carmel A., Johannes, Niklas, Ouherrou, Nihal, Say, Nicolas, Sinkolova, Sladjana, Janjić, Kristina, Stojanovska, Marija, Stojanovska, Dragana, Khosla, Meetu, Thomas, Andrew G., Kung, Franki Y. H., Bijlstra, Gijsbert, Mosannenzadeh, Farnaz, Balci, Busra Bahar, Reips, Ulf-Dietrich, Baskin, Ernest, Ishkhanyan, Byurakn, Czamanski-Cohen, Johanna, Dixson, Barnaby James Wyld, Moreau, David, Sutherland, Clare A. M., Chuan-Peng, Hu, Noone, Chris, Flowe, Heather, Anne, Michele, Janssen, Steve M. J., Topor, Marta, Majeed, Nadyanna M., Kunisato, Yoshihiko, Yu, Karen, Daches, Shimrit, Hartanto, Andree, Vdovic, Milica, Anton-Boicuk, Lisa, Forbes, Paul A. G., Kamburidis, Julia, Marinova, Evelina, Nedelcheva-Datsova, Mina, Rachev, Nikolay R., Stoyanova, Alina, Schmidt, Kathleen, Suchow, Jordan W., Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria, Jernsäther, Teodor, Olofsson, Jonas K., Bialobrzeska, Olga, Marszalek, Magdalena, Tatachari, Srinivasan, Afhami, Reza, Law, Wilbert, Antfolk, Jan, Žuro, Barbara, Van Doren, Natalia, Soto, Jose A., Searston, Rachel, Miranda, Jacob, Damnjanović, Kaja, Yeung, Siu Kit, Krupić, Dino, Hoyer, Karlijn, Jaeger, Bastian, Ren, Dongning, Pfuhl, Gerit, Klevjer, Kristoffer, Corral-Frías, Nadia S, Frias-Armenta, Martha, Lucas, Marc Y., Torres, Adriana Olaya, Toro, Mónica, Delgado, Lady Grey Javela, Vega, Diego, Solas, Sara Álvarez, Vilar, Roosevelt, Massoni, Sébastien, Frizzo, Thomas, Bran, Alexandre, Vaidis, David C., Vieira, Luc, Paris, Bastien, Capizzi, Mariagrazia, Coelho, Gabriel Lins de Holanda, Greenburgh, Anna, Whitt, Cassie M., Tullett, Alexa M., Du, Xinkai, Volz, Leonhard, Bosma, Minke Jasmijn, Karaarslan, Cemre, Sarıoğuz, Eylül, Allred, Tara Bulut, Korbmacher, Max, Colloff, Melissa F., Lima, Tiago J. S., Ribeiro, Matheus Fernando Felix, Verharen, Jeroen P. H., Karekla, Maria, Karashiali, Christiana, Sunami, Naoyuki, Jaremka, Lisa M., Storage, Daniel, Habib, Sumaiya, Studzinska, Anna, Hanel, Paul H. P., Holford, Dawn Liu, Sirota, Miroslav, Wolfe, Kelly, Chiu, Faith, Theodoropoulou, Andriana, Ahn, El Rim, Lin, Yijun, Westgate, Erin C., Brohmer, Hilmar, Hofer, Gabriela, Dujols, Olivier, Vezirian, Kevin, Feldman, Gilad, Travaglino, Giovanni A., Ahmed, Afroja, Li, Manyu, Bosch, Jasmijn, Torunsky, Nathan, Bai, Hui, Manavalan, Mathi, Song, Xin, Walczak, Radoslaw B, Zdybek, Przemysław, Friedemann, Maja, Rosa, Anna Dalla, Kozma, Luca, Alves, Sara G., Lins, Samuel, Pinto, Isabel R., Correia, Rita C., Babinčák, Peter, Banik, Gabriel, Rojas-Berscia, Luis Miguel, Varella, Marco A. C., Uttley, Jim, Beshears, Julie E., Thommesen, Katrine Krabbe, Behzadnia, Behzad, Geniole, Shawn N., Silan, Miguel A., Maturan, Princess Lovella G., Vilsmeier, Johannes K., Tran, Ulrich S., Izquierdo, Sara Morales, Mensink, Michael C., Sorokowski, Piotr, Groyecka-Bernard, Agata, Radtke, Theda, Adoric, Vera Cubela, Carpentier, Joelle, Özdoğru, Asil Ali, Joy-Gaba, Jennifer A., Hedgebeth, Mattie V., Ishii, Tatsunori, Wichman, Aaron L., Röer, Jan Philipp, Ostermann, Thomas, Davis, William E., Suter, Lilian, Papachristopoulos, Konstantinos, Zabel, Chelsea, Ebersole, Charles R., Chartier, Christopher R., Mallik, Peter R., Urry, Heather L., Buchanan, Erin M., Coles, Nicholas A., Primbs, Maximilian A., Basnight-Brown, Dana M., IJzerman, Hans, Forscher, Patrick S. and Moshontz, Hannah (2021) A multi-country test of brief reappraisal interventions on emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nature Human Behaviour, 5, pp. 1089-1110. ISSN (online) 2397-3374

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased negative emotions and decreased positive emotions globally. Left unchecked, these emotional changes might have a wide array of adverse impacts. To reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions, we tested the effectiveness of reappraisal, an emotion-regulation strategy that modifies how one thinks about a situation. Participants from 87 countries and regions (n = 21,644) were randomly assigned to one of two brief reappraisal interventions (reconstrual or repurposing) or one of two control conditions (active or passive). Results revealed that both reappraisal interventions (vesus both control conditions) consistently reduced negative emotions and increased positive emotions across different measures. Reconstrual and repurposing interventions had similar effects. Importantly, planned exploratory analyses indicated that reappraisal interventions did not reduce intentions to practice preventive health behaviours. The findings demonstrate the viability of creating scalable, low-cost interventions for use around the world. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION: The stage 1 protocol for this Registered Report was accepted in principle on 12 May 2020. The protocol, as accepted by the journal, can be found at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4878591.v1. [Abstract copyright: © 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.]

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